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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. Wikipedia3.2.1.1 Radio Frequency (RF) Devices
a) Principles and System Description
The threat from electromagnetic pulses (EMP) generated in connection with nuclear explosions has been well-known since the first tests of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. Radio frequency (RF) weapons, based on frequencies in the 10 MHz to 100 GHz range, can cause similar effects using high-power generators connected to a suited antenna. They produce a burst of energy, which damages the components of electronic systems or disrupts their operation.
Radio frequencies can be envisaged to produce the electromagnetic equivalent of spike strips and to disrupt electronic equipment.
These systems may be recurrent in operation (the effect can be repeated) or single-shot. The energy required to operate these systems may be stored in electrical form (in batteries or produced in generators), in chemical form (as explosives) or in piezo electric devices. The systems may be fixed or portable (ground, sea, air), and delivered by (un)manned means.
The emitted wave can have various characteristics:
Pulsed or continuous.
Narrowband or broadband.
http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public/PubFullText/RTO/TR/RTO-TR-SAS-040/TR-SAS-040-03.
3.3.1 Electromagnetic Technologies
3.3.1.1 Microwaves
a) Principle
Microwaves could replace mines thanks to their anti-personnel action. They can produce a burning sensation, but without causing skin lesions if the frequencies and power ceilings are properly set (P < 4 W/kg).
The radio frequency spectrum, which can be used in the antipersonnel role, must be in the upper GHz region. The emitted wave can have various characteristics:Continuous.
Narrowband.
Mean and peak power.
Pulse duration.
Where such weapons are concerned, some technical points are worth detailing for the possible establishment of several sub-categories:
Single or recurrent shot weapons, using pulses or continuous waves.
Frequencies.
Propagation characteristics.
3.3.3 Acoustic Technologies
a) Principles and System Description
The human ear is sensitive between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Non-lethal actions in this field could be deafening targets or emitting disagreeable sounds (psychological effect). With low frequencies, additional effects can be obtained, in particular loss of equilibrium. Directivity can be achieved by different well-known techniques.
Directional Multi-Effects Acoustic System The aim of the system is to generate different anti-personnel effects: targeted information/desinformation (psychological effect on selected people among a crowd), continuous (or not) unbearable acoustic stress (physical + psychological effects), loss of equilibrium (physiological effect) by the use of low but audible frequencies (effect on internal ear).
System aspects: man transportable (in subassemblies for arrays) and easily fittable on ground or aerial vehicles (inc. unmanned vehicles). The energy source is no major problem (for instance electric generator). They are easy to combine and complementary with other NLW.
b) Advantages and Disadvantages
The advantages are no effect on environment and no known long term effect on health. It is easy to graduate the effect and to select area.
The disadvantages are very high variable individual sensitivity (limitation) and some possible countermeasures e.g. finger in the ears, ear plugs, active noise reduction systems. This reduces crowd activities. The evaluation has to be completed especially on psychological effect and for equilibrium loss.
Low power directional acoustic systems with a range of about 100m already exist.
The effect of this category of weapons depends on the frequency and the waveform.
If well selected, the frequency and power of the weapon can rapidly overcome even highly-motivated individuals. If badly used, on the other hand, they can cause irreversible damage to the hearing apparatus.
Earplugs could reduce the sound level up to 20 dB.
These systems do not necessarily operate in the audible frequency band. The resulting distress only appears at high decibels after a considerable period of time.
3.3.1 Electromagnetic Technologies
3.3.1.1 Microwaves
a) Principle
Microwaves could replace mines thanks to their anti-personnel action. They can produce a burning sensation, but without causing skin lesions if the frequencies and power ceilings are properly set (P < 4 W/kg).
The radio frequency spectrum, which can be used in the antipersonnel role, must be in the upper GHz region. The emitted wave can have various characteristics:Continuous.
Narrowband.
Mean and peak power.
Pulse duration.
Where such weapons are concerned, some technical points are worth detailing for the possible establishment of several sub-categories:
Single or recurrent shot weapons, using pulses or continuous waves.
Frequencies.
Propagation characteristics.
b) Advantages and Disadvantages
Effective through clothing.
Excessive power levels can have serious consequences for human targets.Possibility to move out of exposure.
The long-term physiological effects of the microwaves received by an individual are still being studied (maximum acceptable dose, cumulative effect of successive exposures). The absence of definitive results is the main obstacle to the use of radio frequencies.
3.3.1.2pdf